| 3. Superclass Gnathostomata, Class Osteichtyes: Bony Fish | | |
| Family Anguillidae: Fresh-water Eels | | |
| Anguilla rostrate | American Eel | Native; fresh and brackish water; known from most ponds and brooks and one pond on Nomans Land Island. |
| Family Clupeidae: Herrings | | |
| Alosa aestivalis | Blue-back Herring | Native; fresh and brackish water; known from several large coastal ponds. |
| Alosa pseudoharengus | Alewife | Native; fresh and brackish water; known from several large ponds. |
| Family Engraulidae: Anchovy Family | | |
| Anchoa mitchelli | Bay Anchovy | Native; primarily a marine species but found occasionally in fresh/brackish ponds such as Chilmark Pond and Menemsha Pond. |
| Family Cyprinidae: Carps and Minnows | | |
| Notemigonus crysoleucus | Golden Shiner | Native and widespread; fresh water only; found in all towns on Martha’s Vineyard, present in at least 18 sites. |
| Family Ictaluridae: Bullhead Catfish | | |
| Ameiurus nebulosus | Brown Bullhead | Native; fresh water only; known from at least six sites in Tisbury, West Tisbury, Oak Bluffs, and Edgartown. |
| Family Esocidae: Pikes and Pickerels | | |
| Stizostedion vitreum | Walleye Pike | Fresh water only; introduced into Squibnocket Pond in the 1930s, now extirpated. |
| Esox americanus | Redfin Pickerel | Native; fresh water only; found in one pond in the West Tisbury morainal hills. No recent records, and the persistence of this species on Martha's Vineyard badly needs confirmation. |
| Esox niger | Chain Pickerel | Native; fresh water only; found in at least 10 island water bodies in Oak Bluffs, Tisbury, West Tisbury, and Chilmark. |
| Family Osmeridae: Smelts | | |
| Osmerus mordax | Rainbow Smelt | Native; salt and brackish water primarily; has been known to enter Squibnocket Pond when it was open to the sea; currently believed extirpated from there. |
| Family Salmonidae: Salmon and Trout | | |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Rainbow Trout | Occasional introductions in the first half of the 20th century; in recent decades, regularly stocked in upper Lagoon Pond (Oak Bluffs) and Duarte, Seth's, and Mill Ponds in West Tisbury. |
| Salmo trutta | Brown Trout | Fresh water only; introduced into Upper Lagoon Pond regularly since 1970. |
| Salvelinus fontinalis | Brook Trout | Native; fresh water only; known from at least 12 island ponds and streams; presumed native populations in some brooks such as Roaring Brook in Chilmark have likely been present since before the island separated from the mainland. In recent years, regularly stocked in Seth's and Duarte Pond, West Tisbury. |
| Salmo trutta × Salvelinus fontinalis | Tiger Trout | Stocked regularly in upper Lagoon Pond (Oak Bluffs) and Duarte Pond (West Tisbury). This hybrid is said to be sterile, though stocked fish could persist year-round. |
| Family Gadidae: Cods | | |
| Microgadus tomcod | Atlantic Tomcod | Native; brackish water primarily; known from two sites in Chilmark and West Tisbury. |
| Family Belonidae: Needlefish | | |
| Stronglura marina | Atlantic Needlefish | Native; primarily salt water but found in brackish ponds and estuaries from July to October primarily to spawn; known from two island sites. |
| Family Fundulidae: Killifish | | |
| Fundulus diaphanous | Banded Killifish | Native and widespread; primarily found in freshwater but also present in brackish coves of larger island salt ponds; known from sites in all island towns. |
| Fundulus heteroclitus | Mummichog | Native; primarily in brackish to salt water; known from most major coastal ponds on the island. Possibly the species seen at Nomans Land Island. |
| Lucania parva | Rainwater Killifish | Native; primarily fresh water but also brackish water in salt-marshes; known from most south shore island ponds and a few fresh water streams. |
| Family Cyprinodontidae: Minnows | | |
| Cyprinodon variegatus | Sheepshead Minnow | Native; a fresh-water species elsewhere but in MA primarily found in brackish and salt water bays and estuaries; found in several south shore ponds Katama Bay Lake Tashmoo and the Lagoon; near the very north end of its East Coast distribution. |
| Family Atherinopsidae: Silversides | | |
| Menidia beryllina | Inland Silverside | Native; mostly in brackish to salt water; found regularly in most island coastal ponds, bays, and estuaries. Uncommon local and cyclic north of Cape Cod. |
| Menidia menidia | Atlantic Silverside | Native; mostly in brackish water in coastal ponds, bays, and estuaries; common in such island localities. |
| Family Mugilidae: Mullets | | |
| Mugil cephalus | Striped Mullet | Native; mostly in brackish water in coastal ponds, bays, and estuaries; known from Menemsha Pond the Lagoon Sengekontacket Pond and Tisbury Great Pond. |
| Family Gasterosteidae: Sticklebacks | | |
| Apeltes quadracus | Fourspine Stickleback | Native; primarily in brackish salt marshes and tidal creeks; known from most south coast ponds and all brackish bays. |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus | Threespine Stickleback | Native; primarily salt water until spawning season in spring and early summer when it regularly enters brackish areas; known from Menemsha and Tisbury Great Ponds; the trimorphic fresh water form is a Threatened species in MA. |
| Pungitius pungitius | Ninespine Stickleback | Native; primarily in brackish water in salt marshes and coastal streams; known from at least nine sites in such island localities. |
| Family Syngnathidae: Pipefishes | | |
| Syngnathus fuscus | Northern Pipefish | Native; primarily in salt water but regularly enters brackish bays and estuaries; known from Tisbury and Edgartown Great Ponds and Katama Bay especially August to October. |
| Family Moronidae: Striped Bass Family | | |
| Morone americana | White Perch | Native; found in fresh, brackish, and salt water; can be found in some inland ponds though primarily found in more coastal sites. Known from at least 11 sites on Martha's Vineyard. |
| Family Centrarchidae: Sunfish | | |
| Enneacanthus obesus | Banded Sunfish | Native; heavily vegetated fresh water only; found at two sites in West Tisbury in 1988. |
| Lepomis gibbosus | Pumpkinseed Sunfish | Non-native; fresh water only; scarce in Vineyard ponds despite being extremely common in waters on Cape Cod; known from two island sites. |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Bluegill | Non-native; fresh water only; may be the most common fish in island ponds; Has spread rapidly through artificial introduction; present in at least 14 sites on Martha’s Vineyard. |
| Micropterus dolomieu | Smallmouth Bass | Formerly introduced into Upper Chilmark and Squibnocket Ponds but now believed extirpated. |
| Micropterus salmoides | Largemouth Bass | Non-native; fresh water only; has rapidly spread through island ponds via artificial introduction, now known from at least 13 island ponds. |
| Pomoxis nigromaculatus | Black Crappie | Included here based on eDNA data collected in 2017 from Looks Pond in West Tisbury |
| Family Percidae: Perch | | |
| Etheostoma fusiforme | Swamp Darter | Native; heavily vegetated fresh water only; known from two ponds in the morainal hills. |
| Etheostoma olmstedi | Tessellated Darter | Native; only in flowing freshwater streams of Chilmark and West Tisbury; known from five sites. |
| Perca flavescens | Yellow Perch | Native; fresh water ponds and slow-moving streams only; known from at least nine island ponds. |
| Family Carangidae: Jacks | | |
| Caranx hippos | Crevalle Jack | Native; primarily salt water but often enters brackish bays; known from Menemsha Pond. |
| Family Achiridae: American Sole Family | | |
| Trinectes maculatus | Hogchoker | Native; found in brackish estuaries and coastal streams influenced by the tide; known from Tisbury Great Pond. |